- International Herald Tribune -
Article on the activities of the International Fair Trade Association in Brazil with interview to local farmers. Rafael de Paiva was skeptical at first. If he wanted a ''fair trade'' certification for his coffee crop, the Brazilian farmer would have to adhere to a long list of rules on pesticides, farming techniques, recycling and other matters.
He even had to show that his children were enrolled in school.
''I thought, 'This is difficult,' '' recalled the humble farmer. But the 20 percent premium he recently received for his first fair-trade harvest made the effort worthwhile, de Paiva said, adding, it ''helped us create a decent living.''
More farmers are likely to receive such offers, as importers and retailers rush to meet a growing demand from consumers and activists to adhere to stricter environmental and social standards.
This month, de Paiva's beans will be in the store-brand coffee sold by Sam's Club, Wal-Mart's warehouse chain. Dunkin' Donuts, McDonald's and Starbucks already sell some fair trade coffee.
''We see a real momentum now with big companies and institutions switching to fair trade,'' said Paul Rice, president and chief executive of TransFair USA, the only independent fair trade certifier in the United States.
The International Fair Trade Association, an umbrella group of organizations in more than 70 countries, defines fair trade as reflecting ''concern for the social, economic and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers'' and does ''not maximize profit at their expense.''
According to Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, a group of fair trade certifiers around the world, consumers spent approximately $2.2 billion on certified products in 2006, a 42 percent increase over the previous year, benefiting more than 7 million people in developing countries.
Like consumer awareness of organic products a decade ago, fair trade awareness is growing. Last year, 27 percent of Americans said they were aware of the certification, up from 12 percent in 2004, according to a study by the National Coffee Association, in New York.
Fair trade products that have seen the biggest jump in demand include coffee, cocoa and cotton, according to the Fairtrade Labelling Organizations.
Dozens of other products, including tea, pineapples, wine and flowers, are certified by labeling organizations, which visit farmers to verify they are meeting the many criteria that bar, among other things, the use of child labor and harmful chemicals.
There is no U.S. government standard for fair trade certification.
Some fair trade produce also carries the organic label, but most does not. One important difference is the focus of the labels: Organic refers to how food is grown, while fair trade is primarily concerned with the condition of the farmer and his laborers.
Big chains are marketing fair trade coffee to varying degrees. All the espresso served at Dunkin' Donuts' 5,400 stores in the United States, for example, is fair trade. All McDonald's stores in New England sell only fair trade coffee. And last year, Starbucks bought 50 percent more fair trade coffee than in 2005.
Fair trade produce remains a minuscule percentage of world trade, but it is growing. Only 3.3 percent of coffee sold in the United States last year was certified fair trade, but that was more than eight times the level in 2001, according to TransFair USA.
Although Sam's Club already sells seven fair trade imports, including coffee, this will be the first time it has put its Member's Mark label on a fair trade product, which Rice of TransFair called ''a statement of their commitment to fair trade.''
He added, ''The impact in terms of volume and the impact in terms of the farmers and their families is quite dramatic.''
Michael Ellgass, the director of house brands for Sam's Club, said the company could afford to pay fair trade's premium and preserve the low price of its store-brand coffee because it has reduced the number of middlemen.
Coffee usually passes from farmers through roasters, packers, traders, shippers and warehouses before arriving in stores. But Sam's Club will buy shelf-ready merchandise directly from Cafe Bom Dia, the roaster in the lush Brazlian coffee country.
''We are cutting a number of steps out of the process by working directly with the farmer,'' Ellgass said.
Some critics of fair trade say that working with thousands of small farmers makes strict adherence to fair trade rules difficult.
Others argue that fair trade coffee is as exploitive as conventional trade, especially in countries that produce the highest quality beans - like Colombia, Ethiopia and Guatemala.
Fair trade farmers there are barely paid more than their counterparts in Brazil, though their crops become gourmet brands, selling for a hefty mark-up, said Geoff Watts, vice president for coffee at Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea, a coffee importer in Chicago.
But in Brazil, a nation with little top-grade coffee, the partnership between small producers and big retailers is a better blend, Watts said.
Fair trade farmers in Brazil are paid at least $1.29 per pound, or 454 grams, of coffee, compared with the current market rate of roughly $1.05 per pound, said the president of Cafe Bom Dia, Sydney Marques de Paiva, (no relation to the farmer de Paiva).
Most coffee farmers are organized into cooperatives and some of that premium is funneled back to the community to fund social projects like schools or potable water.
De Paiva, the coffee farmer, like most of his cooperative's 3,000-odd members - and three-quarters of coffee growers worldwide - farms less than 10 hectares, or 25 acres, of land. He produces around 200 60-kilogram, or 130-pound, sacks for the co-op, 70 percent of which is sold as fair trade to Cafe Bom Dia.
The company would buy more if there was more of a market for fair trade coffee, it said.
The fair trade crop brought de Paiva around 258 reais, or $139, per sack, compared with about 230 reais for the uncertified sacks. This year that brought him an additional 3,920 reais, $2,116, a huge sum here in the impoverished mountains of Minas.
''It's been great for us,'' de Paiva said with a huge, toothless grin. ''I call the people from the co-op my family now.''
Ellgass, the Sam's Club executive, said the chain hopes to expand its fair trade goods.
So do Brazilian farmers. ''Everybody is doing their best to come up to standard so we can sell our coffee as fair trade,'' said Conceicao Peres da Costa, one of the co-op's fair trade growers. ''Everybody wants to earn as much as they can.''